Make sure to refer to the texts we have read, as well as lectures, class presentations, or discussions. When discussing the textual material, keep any necessary quotations brief. Try to express the concepts involved in your own words

Philosophy

Marx’s Alienation theory is the argument that in industrial productions that are modern and which are under the capitalist conditions, the workers lose control of their own lives unavoidably by losing their work’s control. Such workers stop to be beings that are independent in any sense that is major. Before the capitalist conditions, a small business owner such as a shoemaker would be the owner of his shoemaking shop, set his or her own hours of working, was free to make his own conditions for working and have a say on how his product would be sold in the market. By contrast, in the modern factory conditions, a worker is just a replaceable equipment who is closely monitored and supervised.

According to Marx, separation is not something that is rooted in religion or in the mind of a human being; instead, alienation is something that is rooted in the world of material things. Marx described alienation as the human’s loss of control, especially a human losing his or her control over labor. As a result, alienation began from the lower levels of the forces of production, from the subordination of the human being to land, to the domination of the ruling class who were feudal. However, alienation forms had limits. Peasants tilled on their own pieces of land and they produced almost all of the things they were in need of and for their own families. To Marx, all the major spheres in terms of institutions such as religion, political economy, the state and the capitalist society were all marked as a major condition for alienation. In addition, these aspects that contributed to alienation were all interdependent.

In the capitalist or industrialist culture the most crucial such kinds of separation, the particular case that at last underlies numerous, if not most different structures, is the disconnection of the greater part of the makers from the method for creation. A great many people do not themselves own the methods important to create things. That is, they do not claim the meanings that are important to deliver and recreate their lives. The method for creation are, rather claimed by a generally few. The enormous majority just have admission to the method for generation when they are utilized by the managers of the method for creation to deliver under conditions that the makers themselves don’t focus.

There are four scope of alienation according to Marx. The first one is the product of labor, the second scope of alienation is the labor process, the third is our fellow human beings, and the last and the fourth is the human nature.

In product of labor category, the laborer is alienated from the item he creates in light of the fact that it is possessed and discarded by another, the entrepreneur. In all social orders individuals utilize their original capacities to create objects which they utilize, trade or offer. Under private enterprise, in any case, this turns into a distanced movement in light of the fact that the specialist cannot utilize the things he delivers to keep alive or to participate in further gainful action. The specialist’s needs, regardless of how edgy, do not issue him a permit to lay hands on what these same hands have delivered, for all his items are the property of another. Marx contended that the distance of the specialist from what he delivers is strengthened in light of the fact that the results of work really start to rule the worker.

In the dimension of the labor process, Marx pointed out that in the production process, there was a serious lack of control. Workers no longer have any say over conditions that are imposed on them during work. Human beings also do not have a say in how their work is organized. This in turn affects them mentally and physically. Thus, creativity is negatively affected since there is little or no control over the process of work. The worker’s power is turned to impotence, procreation is turned to emasculation and the activity one does is turned to passivity. The physical energy as well as the mental energy of the worker is severely affected due to this lack of control in the work place.

The third dimension in alienation is our fellow humans. Humans are alienated from their fellow humans. This is because of the rise of rivalry that is due to the structure of the society which is organized in classes. The human is thus alienated from those who have control over labor and who also control the things that we as workers produce. If the work one is doing is pain for the worker, then it produces a lot of pleasure for the controller of that job.

The final dimension in alienation is the human nature. According to Marx, the nature of the human being bears no relationship with the nature of work under capitalism. The concept of labor division increases output but the ones who work do not enjoy the fruits of their labor.

In conclusion, alienation happens in all the real circles concerning establishments, for example, religion, political economy, the state and the entrepreneur society were all stamped as a significant condition for division. What’s more, these angles that added to estrangement were all conditional.

Works Cited:

Alienation In and Beyond Labor: Reflections for a New Century on Marx’s Paris Manuscripts, Gary Zabel